Are second-life lithium-ion batteries suitable for stationary energy storage applications?

However, there are still many issues facing second-life batteries (SLBs). To better understand the current research status, this article reviews the research progress of second-life lithium-ion batteries for stationary energy storage applications, including battery aging mechanisms, repurposing, modeling, battery management, and optimal sizing.

Are second-life batteries more reliable than fresh batteries?

However, spent batteries are commonly less reliable than fresh batteries due to their degraded performance, thereby necessitating a comprehensive assessment from safety and economic perspectives before further utilization. To this end, this paper reviews the key technological and economic aspects of second-life batteries (SLBs).

What is the value of a retired lithium ion battery?

These retired batteries can still retain 70%–80% of their original capacity and can be utilized in scenarios with lower energy and power requirements, such as energy storage stations or communication base stations . In this way, the value of LIBs can be maximized in their second-life applications.

How long does a lithium ion battery last in an EV?

Most commercial EVs adopt lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) because of their excellent properties, such as high energy density and high power density. Typically, the lifespan of the LIB pack in an EV is around 8–10 years, after which the battery is retired when its remaining capacity decreases to 70%–80% of its initial value.

How does the lithium-ion battery industry work?

The lithium-ion battery industry operates within an intricate chain involving manufacturers, electric vehicle producers, consumers, refurbishment firms, and recycling companies. Refurbishment and recycling companies, specializing in retired batteries, seek profits from low-priced units but struggle with lowering refurbishment costs.

Are retired lithium-ion batteries safe?

However, compared to fresh lithium-ion batteries, retired batteries potentially pose higher safety threats due to prolonged use and internal anomalies like gas generation and lithium plating. Challenges arise when assessing the safety performance of retired batteries since they have typically undergone complex degradation processes.